SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY || Economics || Class 10 || Chapter 2 || Part 13 [ EXERCISES ]

EXERCISES

1. Fill in the blanks:

(i) Employment in the service sector has not increased to the same extent as production.
(सेवा क्षेत्र में रोजगार उत्पादन के समान नहीं बढ़ा है।)

(ii) Workers in the tertiary sector do not produce goods.
(तृतीयक क्षेत्र में काम करने वाले श्रमिक वस्तुओं का उत्पादन नहीं करते।)

(iii) Most of the workers in the organised sector enjoy job security.
(संगठित क्षेत्र में अधिकतर श्रमिकों को नौकरी की सुरक्षा प्राप्त होती है।)

(iv) A large proportion of labourers in India are working in the unorganised sector.
(भारत में एक बड़ा हिस्सा मजदूर असंगठित क्षेत्र में काम कर रहा है।)

(v) Cotton is a natural product and cloth is a manufactured product.
(कपास एक प्राकृतिक उत्पाद है और कपड़ा एक निर्मित उत्पाद है।)

(vi) The activities in primary, secondary and tertiary sectors are interdependent.
(प्राथमिक, द्वितीयक और तृतीयक क्षेत्रों की गतिविधियाँ एक-दूसरे पर निर्भर होती हैं।)

Difficult Words:

1. Employment (रोजगार): Having a job or work.
2. Tertiary (तृतीयक): The third sector, related to services.
3. Organised (संगठित): Properly managed with rules.
4. Unorganised (असंगठित): Not properly managed.

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2. Choose the most appropriate answer:

(a) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of:
(iii) ownership of enterprises
(क्षेत्रों को सार्वजनिक और निजी में उनके स्वामित्व के आधार पर वर्गीकृत किया जाता है।)

(b) Production of a commodity, mostly through the natural process, is an activity in the primary sector.
(प्राकृतिक प्रक्रिया के माध्यम से वस्तु का उत्पादन मुख्य रूप से प्राथमिक क्षेत्र में होता है।)

(c) GDP is the total value of all final goods and services produced during a particular year.
(GDP किसी विशेष वर्ष में उत्पादित सभी अंतिम वस्तुओं और सेवाओं का कुल मूल्य है।)

(d) In terms of GDP, the share of tertiary sector in 2013-14 is between 50 to 60 per cent.
(GDP के संदर्भ में, 2013-14 में तृतीयक क्षेत्र का हिस्सा 50 से 60 प्रतिशत के बीच है।)

Difficult Words:

1. Commodity (वस्तु): Any good or product.
2. GDP (सकल घरेलू उत्पाद): The total value of goods and services produced in a country.

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3. Match the following:

Problems faced by farming sector	Some possible measures
1. Unirrigated land	(d) Construction of canals by the government
2. Low prices for crops	(c) Procurement of food grains by government
3. Debt burden	(e) Banks to provide credit with low interest
4. No job in the off season	(a) Setting up agro-based mills
5. Compelled to sell their grains to local traders	(b) Cooperative marketing societies

Difficult Words:

1. Unirrigated (अनसिंचित): Land without proper water supply.
2. Procurement (खरीद): Purchasing goods, especially by the government.

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4. Find the odd one out:

(i) Tourist guide, dhobi, tailor, potter
(Potter is odd because others are service providers, potter produces goods.)

(ii) Teacher, doctor, vegetable vendor, lawyer
(Vegetable vendor is odd because others are professionals.)

(iii) Postman, cobbler, soldier, police constable
(Soldier is odd because others are public service providers.)

(iv) MTNL, Indian Railways, Air India, Jet Airways, All India Radio
(Jet Airways is odd because it is privately owned, others are public sector.)

Difficult Words:

1. Professionals (पेशेवर): People with specialized knowledge or skills.
2. Public service (सार्वजनिक सेवा): Services provided by the government.

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5. Complete the table:

Percentage of working people	Nature of employment	Place of work
15%	Organised	In offices and factories registered with the government
15%	Formal	Own shops, office, clinics in marketplaces with formal license
20%	Unorganised	People working on the street, construction workers, domestic workers
50%	Unorganised	Working in small workshops usually not registered with the government

• 50% of workers in the city of Surat are in the unorganised sector.
  (सूरत शहर में 50% श्रमिक असंगठित क्षेत्र में काम कर रहे हैं।)

Difficult Words:

1. Unorganised (असंगठित): Not regulated by the government.
2. Formal (औपचारिक): Officially recognized.

6. Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary, secondary, and tertiary is useful? Explain how.

• Yes, it is useful because it helps us understand which sectors contribute the most to the economy and employment.
  (हां, यह उपयोगी है क्योंकि इससे हमें समझ में आता है कि कौन से क्षेत्र अर्थव्यवस्था और रोजगार में सबसे अधिक योगदान करते हैं।)

• Primary sector includes agriculture, secondary involves manufacturing, and tertiary provides services.
  (प्राथमिक क्षेत्र में कृषि शामिल है, द्वितीयक क्षेत्र में निर्माण और तृतीयक क्षेत्र में सेवाएं प्रदान की जाती हैं।)

Difficult Words:

1. Classification (वर्गीकरण): Dividing into categories.
2. Sectors (क्षेत्र): Different parts of the economy.

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7. For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter, why should one focus on employment and GDP? Could there be other issues which should be examined?

• Employment and GDP show how well each sector contributes to the economy and provides jobs.
  (रोजगार और GDP दिखाते हैं कि प्रत्येक क्षेत्र अर्थव्यवस्था में कितना योगदान देता है और नौकरियाँ प्रदान करता है।)

• Other issues to examine include working conditions, job security, and wages.
  (अन्य मुद्दों में काम करने की स्थिति, नौकरी की सुरक्षा, और वेतन शामिल हैं।)

Difficult Words:

1. GDP (सकल घरेलू उत्पाद): The total value of goods and services produced in a country.
2. Job security (नौकरी की सुरक्षा): Assurance that a person will keep their job.

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8. Make a long list of all kinds of work that you find adults around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them? Explain your choice.

• Some examples of work: Teacher, shopkeeper, farmer, construction worker, doctor, driver, factory worker, police, etc.
  (काम के कुछ उदाहरण: शिक्षक, दुकानदार, किसान, निर्माण कार्यकर्ता, डॉक्टर, ड्राइवर, फैक्ट्री कार्यकर्ता, पुलिस, आदि।)

• These jobs can be classified into primary (farmer), secondary (factory worker), and tertiary (teacher, doctor).
  (इन नौकरियों को प्राथमिक (किसान), द्वितीयक (फैक्ट्री कार्यकर्ता), और तृतीयक (शिक्षक, डॉक्टर) में वर्गीकृत किया जा सकता है।)

Difficult Words:

1. Classify (वर्गीकृत करना): To group similar things together.
2. Tertiary (तृतीयक): Related to services.

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9. How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.

• The tertiary sector provides services, while the primary sector produces raw materials and the secondary sector manufactures goods.
  (तृतीयक क्षेत्र सेवाएं प्रदान करता है, जबकि प्राथमिक क्षेत्र कच्चा माल उत्पादन करता है और द्वितीयक क्षेत्र वस्तुएं बनाता है।)

• Example: A teacher provides education (tertiary), a farmer grows crops (primary), and a factory makes clothes (secondary).
  (उदाहरण: एक शिक्षक शिक्षा प्रदान करता है (तृतीयक), एक किसान फसल उगाता है (प्राथमिक), और एक फैक्ट्री कपड़े बनाती है (द्वितीयक)।)

Difficult Words:

1. Illustrate (उदाहरण देना): To explain with examples.
2. Manufactures (निर्माण करना): Produces goods.

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10. What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural areas.

• Disguised unemployment means more people are working than needed, but not all are productive.
  (छिपा हुआ बेरोजगारी का मतलब है कि जितने लोग आवश्यक हैं, उससे अधिक लोग काम कर रहे हैं, लेकिन सभी उत्पादक नहीं हैं।)

• Example in rural areas: Five people working on a small farm when only three are needed.
  (ग्रामीण क्षेत्र में उदाहरण: एक छोटे खेत में पाँच लोग काम कर रहे हैं, जबकि केवल तीन की आवश्यकता है।)

• Example in urban areas: More family members working in a small shop than required.
  (शहरी क्षेत्र में उदाहरण: एक छोटी दुकान में जितने लोग चाहिए उससे अधिक परिवार के सदस्य काम कर रहे हैं।)

Difficult Words:

1. Disguised unemployment (छिपी हुई बेरोजगारी): When more workers are employed than needed.
2. Productive (उत्पादक): Efficient in producing.

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11. Distinguish between open unemployment and disguised unemployment.

• Open unemployment: When people are actively looking for a job but cannot find one.
  (खुली बेरोजगारी: जब लोग सक्रिय रूप से नौकरी की तलाश में होते हैं, लेकिन उन्हें नौकरी नहीं मिलती।)

• Disguised unemployment: When more people are working than necessary, but not all are contributing fully.
  (छिपी हुई बेरोजगारी: जब आवश्यक से अधिक लोग काम कर रहे होते हैं, लेकिन सभी पूरी तरह से योगदान नहीं दे रहे होते।)

Difficult Words:

1. Actively (सक्रिय रूप से): In a way that shows effort.
2. Contributing (योगदान देना): Giving help or effort.

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12. “Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of the Indian economy.” Do you agree? Give reasons in support of your answer.

• I do not agree because the tertiary sector is growing and contributing the most to India's GDP.
  (मैं सहमत नहीं हूँ क्योंकि तृतीयक क्षेत्र बढ़ रहा है और भारत के GDP में सबसे अधिक योगदान दे रहा है।)

• It provides services like education, healthcare, transport, and communication, which are essential for development.
  (यह शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य सेवा, परिवहन, और संचार जैसी सेवाएं प्रदान करता है, जो विकास के लिए आवश्यक हैं।)

Difficult Words:

1. Significant (महत्वपूर्ण): Important or noticeable.
2. Essential (आवश्यक): Necessary or important.

13. Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?

• The service sector in India employs both skilled and unskilled workers.
  (भारत में सेवा क्षेत्र कुशल और अकुशल दोनों प्रकार के श्रमिकों को रोजगार देता है।)

• Skilled workers include doctors, teachers, and engineers.
  (कुशल श्रमिकों में डॉक्टर, शिक्षक और इंजीनियर शामिल हैं।)

• Unskilled workers include rickshaw pullers, domestic helpers, and construction workers.
  (अकुशल श्रमिकों में रिक्शा चालक, घरेलू सहायक और निर्माण कार्यकर्ता शामिल हैं।)

Difficult Words:

1. Skilled (कुशल): Having special knowledge or abilities.
2. Unskilled (अकुशल): Not having any special training or expertise.

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14. Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons in support of your answer.

• Yes, workers in the unorganised sector are often exploited.
  (हां, असंगठित क्षेत्र में श्रमिकों का अक्सर शोषण होता है।)

• They work long hours with low wages and have no job security.
  (वे लंबी घंटों तक कम वेतन पर काम करते हैं और उन्हें नौकरी की सुरक्षा नहीं होती।)

• There are no proper safety measures or health benefits for them.
  (उनके लिए उचित सुरक्षा उपाय या स्वास्थ्य लाभ नहीं होते।)

Difficult Words:

1. Exploited (शोषण किया जाता है): Treated unfairly or poorly.
2. Job security (नौकरी की सुरक्षा): Assurance that one will keep their job.

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15. How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?

• Economic activities are classified into the organised and unorganised sectors.
  (आर्थिक गतिविधियों को संगठित और असंगठित क्षेत्र में वर्गीकृत किया जाता है।)

• Organised sector provides job security, regular wages, and benefits like health insurance.
  (संगठित क्षेत्र नौकरी की सुरक्षा, नियमित वेतन और स्वास्थ्य बीमा जैसे लाभ प्रदान करता है।)

• Unorganised sector has irregular work, low wages, and no job security or benefits.
  (असंगठित क्षेत्र में अनियमित काम, कम वेतन और नौकरी की सुरक्षा या लाभ नहीं होते।)

Difficult Words:

1. Classified (वर्गीकृत): Grouped into categories.
2. Benefits (लाभ): Additional advantages like health insurance, paid leave, etc.

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16. Compare the employment conditions prevailing in the organised and unorganised sectors.

• In the organised sector, workers have fixed working hours, job security, and benefits like pensions and health insurance.
  (संगठित क्षेत्र में श्रमिकों के पास तय काम के घंटे, नौकरी की सुरक्षा, और पेंशन और स्वास्थ्य बीमा जैसे लाभ होते हैं।)

• In the unorganised sector, workers face irregular work, no job security, and no benefits.
  (असंगठित क्षेत्र में श्रमिकों को अनियमित काम, नौकरी की सुरक्षा नहीं और कोई लाभ नहीं मिलता।)

• Organised sector follows government rules and regulations, but the unorganised sector does not.
  (संगठित क्षेत्र सरकार के नियमों का पालन करता है, लेकिन असंगठित क्षेत्र नहीं करता।)

Difficult Words:

1. Pension (पेंशन): Money paid regularly after retirement.
2. Irregular (अनियमित): Not regular or steady.

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17. Explain the objective of implementing the MG NREGA 2005.

• The objective of MG NREGA 2005 is to provide guaranteed 100 days of employment to rural households.
  (MG NREGA 2005 का उद्देश्य ग्रामीण परिवारों को 100 दिनों का गारंटीकृत रोजगार प्रदान करना है।)

• It helps reduce rural unemployment and ensures fair wages.
  (यह ग्रामीण बेरोजगारी को कम करने और उचित वेतन सुनिश्चित करने में मदद करता है।)

• It aims to improve rural infrastructure like roads and water conservation.
  (इसका उद्देश्य ग्रामीण बुनियादी ढांचे जैसे सड़कों और जल संरक्षण को सुधारना है।)

Difficult Words:

1. Objective (उद्देश्य): Goal or purpose.
2. Guaranteed (गारंटीकृत): Assured or promised.

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18. Using examples from your area, compare and contrast the activities and functions of private and public sectors.

• Public sector: Government-run services like post offices and public hospitals.
  (सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र: सरकार द्वारा संचालित सेवाएं जैसे डाकघर और सार्वजनिक अस्पताल।)

• Private sector: Privately-owned businesses like shops, private schools, and clinics.
  (निजी क्षेत्र: निजी स्वामित्व वाले व्यवसाय जैसे दुकानें, निजी स्कूल और क्लिनिक।)

• Public sector focuses on providing services at affordable costs, while the private sector focuses on making profits.
  (सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र सस्ती दरों पर सेवाएं प्रदान करने पर ध्यान देता है, जबकि निजी क्षेत्र मुनाफा कमाने पर ध्यान देता है।)

Difficult Words:

1. Affordable (सस्ती): Something that is not too expensive.
2. Profits (मुनाफा): Financial gain or earnings.

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19. Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area.

Well-managed organisation	Badly-managed organisation
Public sector: Government school	Public sector: Government hospital
Private sector: Private bank	Private sector: Small shop with poor service

• Government schools in my area provide good education and facilities.
  (मेरे क्षेत्र में सरकारी स्कूल अच्छी शिक्षा और सुविधाएं प्रदान करते हैं।)

• The government hospital, however, lacks proper services and management.
  (हालांकि, सरकारी अस्पताल में उचित सेवाओं और प्रबंधन की कमी है।)

• Private banks offer efficient service, but some small shops have poor customer service.
  (निजी बैंक कुशल सेवा प्रदान करते हैं, लेकिन कुछ छोटी दुकानों में खराब ग्राहक सेवा है।)

20. Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.

• Examples of public sector activities include railways, public hospitals, and education. (सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र की गतिविधियों में रेलवे, सरकारी अस्पताल और शिक्षा शामिल हैं।)

• The government manages these services to provide them at low cost and ensure everyone can access them. (सरकार इन सेवाओं को कम लागत पर प्रदान करती है ताकि हर कोई इनका उपयोग कर सके।)

• Private companies may not offer these services at affordable rates or might only focus on profit. (निजी कंपनियां ये सेवाएं सस्ती दरों पर नहीं दे सकतीं या केवल मुनाफे पर ध्यान दे सकती हैं।)

Difficult Words:

1. Access (प्रवेश): Ability to use or obtain.
2. Affordable (सस्ती): Something that is not too expensive.

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21. Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.

• The public sector builds important infrastructure like roads, railways, and dams. (सार्वजनिक क्षेत्र सड़कों, रेलवे और बांधों जैसे महत्वपूर्ण बुनियादी ढांचे का निर्माण करता है।)

• It provides basic services like healthcare and education, helping in the development of a skilled workforce. (यह स्वास्थ्य सेवाएं और शिक्षा जैसी बुनियादी सेवाएं प्रदान करता है, जिससे कुशल कार्यबल का विकास होता है।)

• It supports industries by providing cheap electricity and transport facilities. (यह सस्ती बिजली और परिवहन सुविधाएं देकर उद्योगों को समर्थन देता है।)

Difficult Words:

1. Infrastructure (बुनियादी ढांचा): Basic structures needed for a country to function.
2. Workforce (कार्यबल): The people available for work in a country.

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22. The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issues: wages, safety, and health. Explain with examples.

• Workers in the unorganised sector often receive very low wages, like daily wage laborers in construction. (असंगठित क्षेत्र में श्रमिकों को अक्सर बहुत कम वेतन मिलता है, जैसे निर्माण कार्य में दैनिक मजदूर।)

• They work in unsafe conditions, like workers in small factories without proper safety measures. (वे असुरक्षित परिस्थितियों में काम करते हैं, जैसे छोटी फैक्ट्रियों में बिना उचित सुरक्षा उपायों के।)

• There are no health benefits or medical facilities for these workers. (इन श्रमिकों के लिए कोई स्वास्थ्य लाभ या चिकित्सा सुविधाएं नहीं होतीं।)

Difficult Words:

1. Wages (वेतन): Money earned for working.
2. Safety (सुरक्षा): Protection from harm or danger.

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23. A study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was Rs 60,000 million. Out of this Rs 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city?

Sector	Number of Workers	Income (in Rs Million)
Organised Sector	4,00,000	32,000
Unorganised Sector	11,00,000	28,000
Total	15,00,000	60,000

• To generate more employment, the government can improve infrastructure and encourage small-scale industries. (अधिक रोजगार पैदा करने के लिए सरकार बुनियादी ढांचे में सुधार कर सकती है और छोटे उद्योगों को प्रोत्साहित कर सकती है।)

• Skill development programs can be started to train people for better jobs. (बेहतर नौकरियों के लिए लोगों को प्रशिक्षित करने के लिए कौशल विकास कार्यक्रम शुरू किए जा सकते हैं।)

Difficult Words:

1. Encourage (प्रोत्साहित करना): Support or promote something.
2. Skill development (कौशल विकास): Programs to improve job skills.

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24. The following table gives the GDP in Rupees (Crores) by the three sectors:

Year	Primary Sector	Secondary Sector	Tertiary Sector
2000	52,000	48,500	1,33,500
2013	8,00,500	10,74,000	38,68,000

(i) Calculate the share of the three sectors in GDP for 2000 and 2013.

(ii) Show the data as a bar diagram.

Here is the bar diagram showing the percentage share of primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors in India's GDP for the years 2000 and 2013.

Observations:

1. In 2000, the tertiary sector contributed 57.1% to GDP, while the primary and secondary sectors contributed 22.2% and 20.7% respectively.
2. By 2013, the share of the tertiary sector increased significantly to 67.4%, while the primary sector's share decreased to 13.9% and the secondary sector's share slightly decreased to 18.7%.

This reflects the growing importance of the service (tertiary) sector in India's economy, while the share of agriculture (primary) continues to decline. ​

(iii) What conclusions can we draw from the bar graph?

• The contribution of the tertiary sector has significantly increased, showing its growing importance in the economy. (तृतीयक क्षेत्र का योगदान काफी बढ़ गया है, जो अर्थव्यवस्था में इसकी बढ़ती महत्ता को दर्शाता है।)

• The primary sector's share has decreased, indicating a shift towards industrial and service sectors. (प्राथमिक क्षेत्र का हिस्सा कम हुआ है, जिससे औद्योगिक और सेवा क्षेत्रों की ओर बदलाव का संकेत मिलता है।)

Difficult Words:

1. Significantly (काफी): In an important or noticeable way.
2. Shift (बदलाव): A change from one thing to another.